There has been a mathematics department and major since the inception of Connecticut College in 1915, with a minor in being offered beginning in 1987.

The department has undergone several changes in curriculum and name over the years. The first was in 1974 when Assistant Professor Stanley Wertheimer developed a Computer Studies program. This program became a minor in Computer Science in 1984. When a Computer Science major was added in 2001, the department was renamed Mathematics and Computer Science. In 2009, Computer Science separated from the Department of Mathematics and became its own department.

The department added an interdisciplinary minor in Applied Statistics in 2003. Development of the statistics program eventually led to a name change in 2017, from the Department of Mathematics to the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. As statistics evolved further, the miner in Applied Statistics became a minor in Statistics and Data Science in 2021, and a corresponding major was added at that time as well.